Wstęp

Gramatyka w pigułce to zbiór najważniejszych informacji o czasach w języku angielskim. Zainteresowani mogą pobrać ten plik zapisany jako dokument worda tutaj.

Present Simple

• always, often, regularly, usually, sometimes, from time to time,
  rarely / seldom, hardly ever, never, twice a day, every day.

• czynności  stałe i  powtarzające się
• generalne prawdy, prawa natury
• z czasownikami statycznymi (like, love, understand)
• rozkłady jazdy, instrukcje

• osoba + czasownik
• natomiast w 3 osobie liczby pojedyńczej (he, she, it) - osoba + czasownik + "s" lub "es"

• do i does,
• am, are, is (Is this tree brown?)

• I go to school.
• He often washes his car.
• The sun sets  in the West.
• I understand it now.
• I love you.
• Bus arrives at 5.
• First I mix eggs and then add some flour.

• Do you go to school? Does he often wash the car?
• Does the Sun set in the West?
• Do you understand it now
• What time does the bus arrive?

• I don't go to school.
• He doesn't go to school.
• The Sun doesn't set in the West.
• I don't understand it.
• It doesn't arrive at 5.

Present Continuous

• right, just now, at the moment, at present, now, for the time being
• z wyrażeniami: Look!, Listen!
• krytykowanie: always, forever, continually, constantly

• czynność która się dzieje w chwili mówienia
• czynność okresowa
• planowanie - podjęta decyzja
• wyrażenie irytacji mowiącego

• osoba + "be" + czasownik + "ing"

• osobowe formy "be" (am, is, are).

• I am talking to you now.
• She is slimming.
• We are going to the cinema tomorrow.
• You are always leaving the door open!

• Am I talking to you?
• Is she slimming?
• Are we going to the cinema tomorrow?
• Are you always leaving the door open?

• I am not talking to you.
• She isn't slimming.
• We aren't going to the cinema tomorrow.
• You aren't always leaving the door open.

Present Perfect

• just, for, since, lately, recently, before never, ever, yet, already, for ages

• czynność właśnie zakonczona
• czynność zakończona lecz nieokreslona okolicznikiem czasu (doświadczenie)
• czynność zakonczona mająca wpływ na teraźniejszość
  chodzi o skutek a nie o kiedy to się wydarzyło.
• czynność trwająca i nie zakończona

• osoba + have/has + czasownik w 3 formie

• have i has

• He has just gone out.
• I have seen that film twice.
• I have broken my legs. (result- so I can't walk now)
• I have played tennis every week for years

• Has he just gone out?
• Have you seen it twice?
• Have you broken your legs?
• Have you played tennis every week for years?
• Have you ever flown a helicopter?

• He hasn't gone out.
• You haven't seen it.
• I have never flown a helicopter.
• I haven't broken my legs.
• I haven't played tennis every week for years.

Present Perfect Continuous

• for, since, now, all day

• czynność rozpoczęta w przeszłości nadal kontynuowana
• czynność która się rozpoczęła w przeszłości i przed chwilą skończyła a której rezultaty są widoczne (tu w porównaniu z Pr Perf chodzi raczej o długość trwania)

• osoba + have/has + been + czasownik + "ing"

• have i has

• I have been waiting here all morning.
• I see you have been drinking.

• Have you been waiting here all morning?
• Have you been drinking?

• I haven't been waiting here all morning.
• You haven't been drinking.

Past Simple

• last..., ...ago, in 1987, the day before, yesterday, once, once upon a time

• czynność zakończona, nie mająca powiązania z teraźniejszością i występująca w określonym punkcie w przeszłości
• czynność zakończona w przeszłości lecz nie ma podanego okolicznika czasu
• przeszłe nawyki, czynności powtarzane
• zdarzenia które nastąpiły jedno po drugim

• osoba + regularly czasownik + "ed" lub
• osoba + 2 forma nieregularnego czasown.

• "did" dla wszystkich osób
• was - (I, he, she, it) were - (you, we, they).

• I watched TV yesterday.
• She watched TV 2 days ago.
• I drank a bear last Monday.
• He was a policeman.
• They were angry.
• He used to smoke a lot.
• He went to the park when he lived in London.
• She stood up, waved her hand and smiled.

• Did I watch TV yesterday?
• Did she watch TV 2 days ago?
• Did I drink a bear last Monday?
• Was he a policeman?
• Were they angry?
• Did he use to smoke?
• Did he go to the park when he lived in London?
• Did she stand up, wave her hand and smile?

• I didn't watch TV yesterday.
• She didn't watch TV 2 days ago.
• I didn't drink a bear last Monday.
• He wasn't a policeman.
• They weren't angry.
• He didn't go to the park when he lived in London
• She didn't stand up, wave her hand and smile.

Past Continuous

• from 4 to 5 o'clock, in the afternoon, at 3 o'clock, all day / night, while, when
  rarely / seldom, hardly ever, never, twice a day, every day.

• wydarzenia przeszłe trwające w określonej chwili
• wydarzenia przeszłe dziejące się równocześnie
• wydarzenia przeszłe w których jedno zdarzenie przerwało drugie

• osoba + was/were + czasownik + "ing"

• was -(I, he, she, it) were - (you, we, they)

• At 5 o'clock we were having tea in the garden
• He was digging in the garden and singing to himself all day.
• I was taking a shower when she came in.

• Were you having tea at 5 o'clock?
• Was he digging in the garden and singing to himself all day?
• Was I taking a shower when she came in?

• You weren't having tea at 5 o'clock.
• He wasn't digging in the garden and singing to himself all day.
• I wasn't taking a shower when she came in.

Past Perfect

• when, already, just, never, before, after, for, since, until, by the time, always

• jako czas zaprzeszły - jedno zdarzenie miało miejsce wcześniej niż drugie
• jako przeszły odpowiednik czasu Present Perfect
• czas ten jest stosowany w mowie zależnej

• osoba + had + czasownik w 3 formie

• "had" dla wszystkich osób

• When the phone rang she had already left the office.
• I had always believed that people were bad, but then I changed my mind.
• I thought that he had lost his mind.

• Had she left the office before the phone rang?/li>
• Had you always believed that people were bad even when you changed your mind?
• Did you think that he had lost his mind?

• She hadn't left the office before the phone rang.
• I hadn't always believed that people were bad even when I changed my mind.
• I didn't think that he had lost his mind

Past Perferct Continuous

• how long, since, for, before, all night / day

• zdarzenia trwające dłuższy czas w przeszłości po których następiło kolejne zdarzenie
• jedno zdarzenie z przeszłości mające widoczny rezultaty na drugie zdarzenie z przeszłości

• osoba + had + been + czasownik + "ing"

• "had" dla wszystkich osób

• I had been driving the car before the accident happened.
• She had been living in Warsaw for 6 years but she moved out in 1996.
• He smelled with cigarettes because he had been smoking an hour before.

• Had you been driving the car before the accident happened?
• Had she been living in Warsaw for 6 years before she moved out in 1996?
• Had he been smoking an hour before? Becouse then he smelled with cigarettes.

• I hadn't been driving the car before the accident happened.
• She hadn't been living in Warsaw for 6 years before she moved out in 1996.
• He hadn't been smoking an hour before although he smelled with cigarettes afterwards.

Future Simple

• tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next month/week, in a week's time, soon , shortly

• Do wyrażenia oczekiwań, opinii, założeń
• Decyzje podjęte w chwili mówienia (nie- zaplanowane wcześniej)
• Obietnice, groźby
• W Conditional I (tryb warunkowy)

• osoba + will/shall + czasownik

• will/shall dla wszystkich osób

• Don't worry! We will find him in the office.
• I will take these blue socks.
• You will regret this! I shall buy you a ring.
• If they play it again I will ask her to dance.

• Will we find him in the office?
• Will you take these blue socks?
• Will we regret this?
• Shall you buy me a ring?

• We will not (won't) find him in the office.
• I will not take these blue socks.
• We won't regret this.
• You shall not (shan't) buy me a ring.

Future Continuous

• o określonej wymienionej porze: in 1998, at 4 o'clock, soon, this weekend, today

• do wyrażenia zdarzeń którebędą trwały w określonej chwili w przyszłości
• zdarzenia z góry ustalone lub takie które w konsekwencji czegoś się staną
• do przewidywania zdarzeń teraźniejszych
• jako uprzejme pytanie o plany na przyszłość

• osoba + will/shall + be + czasownik + "ing"

• will/shall dla wszystkich osób

• At this time next Sunday I will be sunbathing here.
• Don't touch the dog. You will be crying!
• Don't call them. They will be working now. (teraz pracują)

• Will you be sunbathing here at this time next Sunday?
• Will I be crying if I touch the dog?
• Will they be working now?
• Will you be using the car today?

• At this time next Sunday I will not (won't) be sunbathing here.
• I won't be crying even if I touch the dog.
• They will not be working now.
• I don't understand it.

Future Perfect

• by, by then / now, by the time, before, until

• do opisania zdarzeń oraz czynności które zakończą się (lub nie) przed lub po w określonym punkcie w przyszłości.
• do przewidywania zdarzeń teraźniejszych

• osoba + will/shall + have + 3 forma czasownika

• will/shall dla wszystkich osób

• I am sure I will have finished the job by 10 o'clock.
• Let's go, I think the plane will have landed by now. (powinien już wylądować)

• Will you have finished the job by 10 o'clock?
• Will the plane have landed by now?

• I am sure I will not have finished the job by 10 o'clock.
• I think the plane will not have landed by now.

Future Perfect Continuous

• by next month/ the end of the week / September etc.

• o opisania czynności która osiągnie określoną długość w pewnym momencie w przyszłości
• w porównaniu z Future Perfect tu chodzi raczej o długość czynności tam natomiast o jej zakończenie

• osoba + will/shall + have + been + czasownik + "ing"

• will/shall dla wszystkich osób

• By the end of this week I will have been working here for 10 years.

• Will you have been working here for 10 years by the end of this week?

• By the end of this week I will not have been working here for 10 years but for 11 years.